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Diabetes Nutrition - Electrolytes

Sodium and Potassium

Sodium and potassium are very important constituents of body fluids. Sodium is mainly present in fluid outside the cells while potassium is mainly present inside the cells.

Sodium is lost in sweat and urine as sodium chloride. Since sodium present in foods is not adequate for the body's daily requirement, common salt, sodium chloride, has to be included in the diet. Salt imparts taste to food. The average daily intake of salt in India is around 15 g. Since high salt intake is associated with high blood pressure and coronary artery disease, a lower intake around 6 g is advisable. Higher intake may be necessary in summer and for those working in a hot environment.

Plant foods are a rich source of potassium. The daily requirement of potassium is not known. However, potassium present in a vegetarian diet is probably adequate.

Water

Water is the main constituent of the body. In an average 70 kg man, the total water content is 45 litres. Of this around 30 litres are inside the cells (intracellular) and 15 litres are outside the cells (extracellular). Out of the extracellular fluid, about 3 litres are present in plasma inside the blood vessels. The proportion of fat is more in women than in men. Hence the water content in women is slightly less than that in men.

Water is an important constituent of body secretions and blood. Even solid foodstuffs contain a large amount of water. The water intake comprises of fluids drunk, water present in the food stuffs and water produced during metabolism. The body water is lost through the kidneys (urine), lungs (air breathed out), skin (sweat) and the bowels (stools). The requirement of water increases during summer, exposure to high temperature, due to perspiration and when a person has fever, vomiting or diarrhoea. In warm climates an individual requires about 2-3 litres or more water per day. High coloured urine is passed when there is a water deficit. Urine of pale yellow colour indicates an adequate intake of water. Mechanism of thirst and several hormones have an important role in maintaining the water balance.

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Diabetes Nutrition - Electrolytes