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What Is Diabetes

The Story of Diabetes

Diabetes Diagnosis

Types of Diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes

Type 2 Diabetes

Symptoms of Diabetes

Testing for Diabetes

Diabetes Urine Testing     Glucose in Urine
    Ketones in Urine

Diabetes Blood Glucose Test
    Glucose Tolerance Test
    Self Monitoring Of Blood Glucose
    Glycated Hemoglobin

Other Diabetes Tests

Diabetes Treatment & Cure

Diabetes Nutrition     Carbohydrates, Fibre & Proteins
    Fats
    Vitamins
    Minerals
    Trace Elements
    Electrolytes

Nutritive Value Of Common Foods

Diabetes Diet

Planning A Diabetes Diet     Calories & Proteins
    Carbohydrates
    Fibre
    Glycaemic Index (Gi)
    Fats & Cholesterol
    Vitamins, Minerals & Water
    Spacing Of Meals & Food Exchanges
    Sweetening Agents
    Fibre
    Diabetic Foods & Beverages
    Alcohol
    Eating Out

Diet In Type 2 Diabetes

Diet In Type 1. Diabetes

Diabetes Food: Cookery

Diabetes & Exercise

Oral Drugs for Diabetes

Oral Drugs for Diabetes

Groups of Oral Drugs for Diabetes

Combinations Of Oral Drugs

Diabetes Insulin

Types of Insulin

Insulin Administration

Insulin Administration: SYRINGE

Insulin Storage Guidelines

Insulin Injection

Insulin Injection Technique

Problems in Insulin Injection

Complications of insulin treatment

SPECIAL INSULIN SYRINGES

INSULIN RESISTANCE

Symptoms of Hypoglycaemia

Causes of Hypoglycaemia

Prevention of Hypoglycaemia

Complications of Diabetes - SHORT TERM COMPLICATIONS

Complications of Diabetes - LONG TERM COMPLICATIONS

Diabetes Complications: Blood vessels And Hypertension

Diabetes Complications: Heart

Diabetes Complications: Blood Lipids And Brain

Diabetes Complications:Peripheral arterial disease

Diabetes Complications:Eyes

Diabetes Complications:Kidneys

Diabetes Complications:Nervous System

Diabetes Complications:Erectile dymsfuntion

Diabetes Complications:Autonomic neuropathy

Diabetes Complications:Joints & Skin

Diabetes Complications:Life Expectancy

Causes of Foot Problems in Diabetes

Prevention & CARE OF THE FEET

Causes of Diabetes in Children

Diet for Children with Diabetes

Care for Diabetic Children

Diabetes in Women

Menses & Fertility

Gestational diabetes mellitus

PREGNANCY In Diabetec Women

Diabetes in the Elderly

Management of Diabetes: Sick day management

Management of Diabetes: Hospitalization

Management of Diabetes: Surgical operations

Personal Problems

TRAVEL AND HOLIDAYS

Looking Ahead

PANCREAS AND ISLET TRANSPLANT

STEM CELL INJECTION & Technological advances

APPENDIX-1

APPENDIX-2

APPENDIX-3

APPENDIX-4

APPENDIX-5

APPENDIX-6

APPENDIX-7

APPENDIX-8

APPENDIX-9

Left Side

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STEM CELL INJECTION & Technological advances

STEM CELL INJECTION

Stem cells are versatile cells that have the ability to grow into any kind of tissue -skin, heart, liver, pancreas. Blood retrieved from the umbilical cord that is discarded along with the placenta at the time of birth is purified. This purified blood is a rich source of stem cells. Stem cells can also be derived from the bone marrow. The potential of stem cell injection in treatment of diabetes and several other disorders is immense.

Long-term Complications of Diabetes

The nerves in diabetics contain more sorbitol, which comes from excess glucose in the blood. The accumulated sorbitol impairs nerve function. Drugs that inhibit the conversion of glucose to sorbitol are being developed.

Glucose molecules can get attached to protein molecules, a well-known example being glycated hemoglobin, that is discussed in Chapter 4. Besides haemoglobin, glucose can get attached to proteins in different parts of the body. The resultant glucose-protein complex can accumulate and damage blood vessels, kidneys and so on. The role of these glucose-protein complexes in the production of long-term complications of diabetes is receiving attention at present.

Technological advances

Development of strips to measure urine and blood glucose, ketones, proteins, cholesterol; glucometers with a wide range of functions; insulin pumps; photography of the retina; laser treatment for retinal complications would not have been possible without advances in physics, electronics and technology. Methods to measure blood glucose without drawing blood are under evaluation. Noninvasive techniques (without inserting needles or tubes in the body) to study the function of heart, blood vessels and kidneys have been developed in the last couple of decades.

Prevention of type 1 Diabetes

Genetically predisposed individuals produce antibodies to pancreatic islet cells, possibly after exposure to some trigger, say a virus, leading to destruction of pancreatic islets and type 1 diabetes. Vaccines against possible triggering viruses which could prevent type 1 diabetes are being developed. Drugs which could suppress the formation of antibodies and limit pancreatic islet damage are also under study. It is sincerely hoped that the vision of research workers in the field of diabetes will be translated into reality in the years to come.